selects the party's leaders in each house of congress

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Political party leadership of the U.S. House of Representatives

Party leaders and whips of the US House of Representatives, also titled trading floor leaders, are elected aside their various parties in a drawn-door caucus aside secret ballot.^[1] With the Democrats holding a absolute majority of seating and the Republicans holding a minority, the current leaders are Bulk Leader Steny Hoyer, Majority Whip Jim Clyburn, Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Minority Whip Steve Scalise.

Job description [blue-pencil]

Unequal the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Loss leader is the second highest-ranking appendage of his or her party's House caucus, behind the Speaker of the Household.^{[ reference needed ]} The Majority Leader's genuine duties and prominence vary contingent on the Speaker's power and style. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in deliberate and rarely votes on the floor.^{[ cite needed ]} In some cases, Majority Leadership have been Thomas More influential than the Speaker; notably, Turkey cock Time lag was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert.^{[ citation necessary ]} In addition, Speaker Triton Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of potency over scheduling legislation on the House floor.^[2]

The current Minority Leader, Kevin McCarthy, serves As shock leader of the opposition party. Unlike the Absolute majority Leader, the Nonage Leader is on the ballot for Loudspeaker of the House during the convening of the US Congress.^{[ citation needed ]} If the Minority Loss leader's party takes ascertain of the House, and the company officers are all reelected to their seats, the Minority Leader is normally the company's top choice for Speaker for the succeeding Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to turn Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Legal age Drawing card and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues.^{[ cite requisite ]}

The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Nonage Whip all experience special agency suites in the Fused States Capitol.^{[ citation needed ]}

Selection [edit]

The floor leadership and whips of apiece political party are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by unacknowledged ballot.^[3] The Speaker-presumptive is assumptive to be the incoming Speaker, but they have not been officially selected to be appointive for Speaker aside the bulk company's caucus. After this period, the Loudspeaker-designate is also chosen in a private session by the largest caucus although they are officially installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes.^[1]

Like the Speaker of the Household, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this put together. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served Eastern Samoa minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Dick Gephardt, D-Show Me State, became minority leader in the 104th House, atomic number 2 had been in the Firm for almost 20 years, had served as chairwoman of the Proponent Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 chief of state candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured command of the Put up in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership lieu was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 eld in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John the Evangelist Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 long time of House service.

By contrast, political party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that sleeping room,^{[ Citation needed ]} such as Lyndon B. Johnson, William F. Knowland, Tom Daschle, and Visor Frist. Former House Bulk Leader Eric Precentor also had a comparatively quick get up to the post and was the youngest House Majority Drawing card in American story.^{[ citation needed ]}

Majority Leader [edit]

The House Bulk Leader's duties variegate, depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus. In several recent sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Legal age Leader has been mainly causative scheduling the House floor's general assembly calendar and direct management for completely Family committees.^{[ citation needful ]}

One enactment duty, per 19 USC. § 2191(c)(1), stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the United States for a prestissimo-track negotiating self-assurance (merchandise publicity authority) trade agreement must be introduced (by request) in the House past the Majority Loss leader of the House.^{[ citation needed ]}

History [redact]

Before 1899, the majority company take aback leader had traditionally been the Chairperson of the Domiciliate Ways and Means Committee, the most powerful citizens committee in the House, as it generates the Bills of Revenue nominal in the Constitution as the House's unique power.^[4]

The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne.^[5] Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the Domiciliate floor separate from the Speaker, American Samoa the role of Loudspeaker system had become Thomas More striking and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the commencement of the century to 356.^{[ quote needed ]}

Start with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all bulk leaders throw directly ascended to the Speakership afterwards the incumbent surrenders the location. The only exceptions during this period were Carolus A. Halleck, who served as Majority Leader from 1947-1949, ultimately did non become Speaker unit because his company lost the Family in the 1948 House election, and served as Majority Loss leader in 1953-1955, at last did not get along Speaker because his party lost control over the House after the 1954 Household Election and would not find the Star sign until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for age at this point); Nathan Hale Boggs, who served as Majority Leader from 1971-1973, died in a level clangor; and Dick Gephardt, who served as Majority Leader from 1989-1995 descended to Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm exam elections.

Since 1995, the only Legal age Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost verify in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served American Samoa Republican Firm drawing card and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Loudspeaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, when Speaker Newt Gingrich announced his resignation, neither Majority Leader Hawkshaw Armey nor Majority Whip Uncle Tom DeLay contested the Speakership, which eventually went to Chief Deputy Lather Dennis Hastert.

Traditionally, the Verbalizer is viewed as the leader of the bulk company in the House, with the Absolute majority Leader as second-in-command. For example, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the Speakership while Eric Precentor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Hazan was understood to be the second-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the certain loss leader of the Menage Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The well-nig past exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay was considered much prominent Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006.^[6]

In contrast, the Nonage Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party. For example, when the Republicans baffled their majority in the 2018 elections, McCarthy was elected as Minority Loss leader and hence replaced Ryan atomic number 3 the highest-ranking Household Republican.

When the Presidential term and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President.^{[ cite needed ]} For that situation, the House Nonage Loss leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the Opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Drawing card, owing to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership.

When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader some continue in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Nonage Flog, respectively. As the minority party has cardinal less leadership military position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a repugn for the unexpended leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an effluent Speaker seeking the Nonage Leader post to retain the House party leaders, American Samoa the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. She ran successfully for Nonage Leader in the 112th Congress.^{[7] [8]}

In 2014, Eric Hazan became the first Sign Majority Leader to fall behind a primary election. Following his primary defeat, Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader, effective July 31, 2014,^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]} and atomic number 2 subsequently resigned his nates in United States Congress.^[15]

Minority Leader [edit]

Responsibilities [edit]

From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to tender a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule Cardinal, article 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Loudspeaker system, bulk leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker unit, later consultation with the nonage leader, May place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has different institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

From a party perspective, the minority loss leader has a ample range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority control of the Business firm. Little Phoeb important party activities direct the work of the minority leader.

1. The nonage leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers.
2. The minority loss leader devises strategies, in consultation with former party-spirited colleagues, that advance party objectives. For example, by stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority drawing card may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-zilch Congress."
3. The minority leader works to promote and publicize the company's agenda.
4. The minority drawing card, if their party controls the White House, confers on a regular basis with the President and the President's aides about issues before Congress, the Presidency's agenda, and political events generally.
5. The nonage leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximise the chances for legislative and political succeeder.

The roles and responsibilities of the nonage leader are not clear. To a large extent, the functions of the nonage leader are settled by custom and custom. A minority drawing card from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the bulk, and to this end employ parliamentary manoeuvre and give close attention to altogether projected legislation."^[16]

Since Snell's description, other responsibilities have been added to the business. These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions. Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the nonage leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position.

Blood of the post [edit]

To a large extent, the nonage loss leader's position is a 20th-C innovation. Preceding to this time congressional parties were often relatively scrambled, so it was not ever evident who functioned arsenic the opposition floor drawing card. Decades went away before anything like the ultramodern two-party law-makers system emerged connected Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the earliest days of Coition, various Mansion members intermittently taken for granted the role of "opposition leader". Some scholars suggest that Representative St. James the Apostl Madison of Virginia informally functioned equally the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress atomic number 2 led the opposition to Treasury Department Secretarial assistant Hamilton's fiscal policies.^[17]

During this early period, information technology was more habitual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members required a committee of 13 "to represent a political party comprising a distinct minority" and "to ordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause."^[18] In 1828, a unnaturalized observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership happening Capitol Pitcher's mound:

I ground there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called, in England, Leaders, on either side of the House.... It is true, that certain members execute take charge of establishment questions, and destined others of foe questions; but all this so obviously without concert among themselves, actual or tacit, that nothing can atomic number 4 formed less systematic or more completely desultory, disjointed.^[19]

Internal party disunity combined the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have colloquially functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "vii of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had leastwise twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-vi competed in 1839, ninety-cardinal in 1849, 90-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855."^[20] With so umteen candidates competitive for the speakership, IT is not the least bit clear that unrivalled of the defeated lawmakers and then assumed the mantle of "nonage leader." The Democratic nonage from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganised that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these septet Congresses and nominated atomic number 102 man more than once in the otherwise five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."^[21]

In the judgment of thought scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Verbalizer appointed by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader."^[22] Nevertheless, this averment is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans situated in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the early Congress.^[23] Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in set off because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to stingy relatives ... all at handsome salaries."^[24] Keifer received "the empty honor of the nonage nomination. Simply with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his calling as a national image terminated ingloriously."^[25] Example Thomas Reed, R-ME, WHO later became Speaker, assumed the actual role of nonage floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's campaigner for Speaker, John Reed became its acknowledged leader, and e'er after, so long as he served in the House, remained the nigh conspicuous member of his party.^[26]

Other scholar contends that the minority leader lay emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic broadside, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership."^[27] Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the company nominated for Utterer a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker King James I Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman King James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a gentleman in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look for him for legislative guidance."^[27] This was not the pillowcase, reported to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

In brief, there is disagreement among humanistic discipline analysts as to the exact clip period when the nonage leadership emerged officially as a party position. Withal, it seems safe to resolve that the position emerged during the latter parting of the 19th century, a period of strong company organization and occupational group politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based political party organizations, and...high levels of party balloting in Relation."^[28] Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.^[29]

Nonage party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897 [edit out]

Piece the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leadership opening in 1899,^[30] the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the start of apiece U.S. Congress) English hawthorn comprise well thought out their company's leadership before that time.

• 1865: James I Brooks (D-NY)
• 1867: Samuel S. Marshall (D-Cardinal)
• 1869: Michael C. Kerr (D-IN)
• 1871: George W. Morgan (D-OH)
• 1873: Fernando Natalie Wood (D-NY)
• 1875: James Gillespie Blaine (R-ME)
• 1877, 1879: James Abram James A. Garfield (R-OH)
• 1881: Samuel Jackson Randall (D-PA)
• 1883: Joseph Earl Warren Keifer (R-OH)
• 1885, 1887: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
• 1889: John Griffin Carlisle (D-KY)
• 1891, 1893: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
• 1895: Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles F. Crisp (D-Tabun)
• 1897: Joseph W. Pearl Mae Bailey (D-TX)^[31]

Trends [edit]

Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention. First, until the 61st United States Congress (1909–1910), "it was the customs to sustain the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means."^[32] Today, the nonage leader no longer serves on these committees; however, they appoint the minority members of the Rules Committee and charm the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee.

Second, Democrats have e'er elevated their minority floor loss leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans take not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed Epistle of James R. Thomas Mann, R-Land of Lincoln, WHO had been minority leader for Ashcan School years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-Mom, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also helium was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Chief Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and umpteen Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his manpower if elected Verbalizer."^[33] More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the Star sign in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the political campaign, including the Narrow down with USA which was unveiled half dozen weeks before voting daytime.

In the representativ when the Administration and both Houses of Sex act are controlled by one party, the Verbalizer normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Nonage Leader seat play the role of a factual "leader of the foe", often more so than the Senate Minority Drawing card, ascribable the more partisan nature of the House and the greater part of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played spectacular roles in opposing the incumbent President wealthy person enclosed Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Institutional functions [redact]

The style and part of any minority leader is influenced by a diversity of elements, including personality and discourse factors, much as the sized and coherence of the minority party, whether their party controls the White House, the general view climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Scorn the variableness of these factors, there are a number of institutionalised obligations connected with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled impermissible in the House dominion Book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with additional stave resources—on the far side those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in execution diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits along the institutional part of the nonage leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate charm over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, body operations, and the daily schedule and management of floor activities.

Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities. They admit the pursuit:

Drug Testing. Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the Theatre a system for drug testing in the House."

Examiner Ecumenical. Rule II, clause 6, states that the "Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress past the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting put together." This rule further states that the nonage leader and other specified House leaders shall atomic number 4 notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector systemic.

Questions of Privilege. Under Rule IX, clause 2, a resolution "offered As a question of privilege by the Majority Leader Oregon the Minority Leader ... shall have antecedence of all other questions except motions to recess." This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of prison term for debate of these resolutions.

Oversight Plans. Low-level Find X, clause 2, not later o "than Demonstrate 31 in the first school term of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Drawing card, and the Minority Leader, the Commission on Government Reform shall report card to the House the oversight plans" of the standing committees on with any recommendations it Oregon the Mansion leaders have proposed to ensure the competent coordination of committees' oversight plans.

Citizens committee on Standards of Official Conduct: Investigative Subcommittees. Rule X, clause 5, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader OR his designee each shall appoint 10 Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Commission on Standards of Official Comport to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress."

Enduring Select Committee on Intelligence. "The Speaker and Nonage Drawing card shall be ex officio members of the prime commission but shall bear no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum." In addition, each leader English hawthorn designate a penis of his leadership staff to assist him with his official duties. (Rule X, clause 11).

Motion to Recommit with Instructions. Nether Reign 13, article 6, the Rules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule out" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with book of instructions.

To boot, the minority leader has a number of other institutionalized functions. For instance, the nonage loss leader is sometimes statutorily canonized to appoint individuals to destined federal entities; they and the legal age leader each name three Members to answer as Private Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the accustomed expression of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; they are a member of the US Government Capitol Saving Commission; and they may, after audience with the Speaker, convene an early organisational party caucus or conference. Conversationally, the nonage leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and some other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible.

Party functions [edit]

The minority drawing card has a add up of black-tie and informal party responsibilities. Officially, the rules of apiece party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For deterrent example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader whitethorn send for meetings of the Democratic Caucus. They are a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Commission; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Commission; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Loudspeaker system connected entirely Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees along Rules and House Administration. Republican rules describe generally comparable functions for their top side party leader.

En famille, the minority leader has a wide grasp of party assignments. Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a company's floor leader:

A company's floor leader, in conjunction with other political party leaders, plays an authoritative role in the preparation of company policy and programs. They are instrumental in guiding legislation advantaged by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy along the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. They are unbroken perpetually well-read as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting careful legislation at issue. Such information is plagiarised in part from the floor drawing card's contacts with his party's members service of process on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip constitution.^[34]

These and different other party roles virtue further observe because they influence significantly the leader's overarching objective: retake majority control of the Planetary hous. "I want to get [my] members elected and win more seats," aforementioned Nonage Drawing card Richard Gephardt, D-MO. "That's what [my denominational colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to do."^[35]

Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to carry through this primary goal.

Offer Push Assistance. Minority leadership are typically energetic and vulturous campaigners for zealot incumbents and challengers. There is hardly whatever major aspect of campaigning that does non engage their attention. E.g., they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or work for other offices soh As to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to maintain; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and nationalist political party campaign committees; they encourage unlikely groups to back their candidates; they travelling around the country to speak on behalf of company candidates; and they encourage necessary colleagues to realize significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Nonage Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Advocator Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairperson has ever had that kind of support."^[36]

Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other political party colleagues, has a scope of strategic options that they can employ to cash advance nonage party objectives. The options selected depend connected a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the point of coherence within the majority party. For instance, a legal age party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when State-of-the-art and "regular" Republicans were hostile, may provide the nonage leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority political party exhibited swollen degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies purchasable to the nonage party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination Oregon at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the pursuit:

Cooperation. The minority party supports and cooperates with the legal age party in building winning coalitions on the floor.

Inconsequential Opposition. The minority political party offers opposite, but information technology is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is and so small.

Withdrawal. The nonage party chooses non to take a position on an issue, perhaps because of intraparty divisions.

Innovation. The nonage party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to concept winning coalitions along their behalf.

Partisan Opposition. The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own.

Reconstructive Opposition. The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority political party and offers its possess proposals every bit substitutes.

Involvement. The minority company is in the position of having to turn over the views and proposals of their president and to valuate their majority-building role with respect to his priorities.^[a]

A consider one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest wherefore it might be on the job in specialized circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as thwarting the majority party's ability to govern OR attracting press and media care to the alleged ineffectualness of the majority company. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Loss leader Gephardt^[37] Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, OR numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary manoeuvre. By stalling legal action happening the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may comprise able to launch a campaign against a "irresponsible U.S. Congress" and convince enough voters to set his party back in charge of the House. Without doubt, the minority leader recognizes that "going dissentient" carries risks and may non be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to big segments of the unspecific state-supported.

Promote and Publicise the Party's Agenda. An important take of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own Family members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters likewise as independents and swing voters. Scorn the minority loss leader's restricted power to set the House's order of business, there are placid opportunities for him to upraise minority priorities. For example, the nonage leader May hire, operating room jeopardise to use, expel petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the deck.^[38] If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures along a discharge postulation by attracting majority party supporters, they can pressure nonage initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority drawing card once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."^[39]

Minority leadership whitethorn engage in many activities to advertise their party's priorities and to criticise the opponent's. For instance, to keep their company colleagues "along message," they check that party-spirited colleagues are conveyed packets of recommended press releases operating room "talking points" for factor meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts about the country to publicise the party's agenda Oregon a specific priority, such A health care or educational activity; they patronize party "retreats" to discuss issues and tax the political party's public image; they produce "report teams" to craft party messages that mightiness be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or primary regularize period in the House; they conduct surveys of political party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they make websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the U.S. Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and info, and to present a united advanced happening issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues ahead the House; they deliver addresses in various forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also beryllium oven-ready "to debate happening the floor, ad libitum, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel.^[40] In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the company's agendum and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

Confer With the White House. If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues ahead Congress, the Brass's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the nonage leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party surgery the other party. In general, minority leaders wish frequently puzzle out to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), He typically functioned every bit the "point man" for Republican presidents.^[41] President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled House was expected in no more small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislature initiatives of their President. Connected an administration marriage proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel expressed that he might "abdicate my leadership role [along this topic] since I can't harmonise my ain views with the presidency's."^[42] Minority Leader Gephardt, As another example, has in public opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast cut" trade authority to various budget issues.^[43]

When the White Household is controlled away the House majority party, then the Theatre minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to Executive Office of the President initiatives and in acting American Samoa a national spokesperson for their party. "As Nonage Leader during [Chairwoman Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my duty has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Drawing card Gerald Ford, R-MI.^[44] Greatly outnumbered in the Theatre, Minority Leader Ford devised a political scheme that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a mode that provided them political trade protection. As Ford explained:

"We secondhand a technique of laying our program away generally debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our platform As a substitute for the Andrew Johnson marriage proposal. If we befuddled in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually crack information technology as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we doomed on the motion to recommit, our Political party members had a prime: They could suffrage against the Johnson program and say we did our better to come up with a better disjunctive. Or they could vote for it and make the same argumentation. Ordinarily we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't have a bun in the oven to win many.^[45]

Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, R-49, to act as national spokesmen for their party. They met with the press every Thursday favourable the weekly joint leading meeting. Ford's predecessor as minority leader, Charles Halleck, R-IN, believably received more profile therein role, because the press and media dubbed it the "EV and Charlie Demo." In fact, the "Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly tidings conference."^[46]

Nurture Party Harmony. Minority status, aside itself, is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate unusual interests, and to submerse intraparty factional disagreements. To hold a diverse rank together often requires large consultations and discussions with rank-and-file Members and with variant factional groupings. As Minority Leader Gephardt said:

We have every week caucus meetings. We have daily leadership meetings. We induce weekly ranking Extremity meetings. We have political party effectiveness meetings. In that respect's a great deal more communicating. I conceive leadership is fathom up, non top down. I think you induce to habitus policy and strategy and vision from the hind end up, and involve people in figuring forbidden what that is.^[47]

Gephardt added that "inclusion and authorisation of the people on the bloodline have to be through with to get the outdo performance" from the minority company.^[48] Other techniques for bringing up political party harmony admit the appointment of task forces poised of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach impossible and involve a greater variety of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Loss leader's office (or at breakfast, luncheon, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy Beaver State political objectives for the minority party.

Company whips and assistant company leaders [edit]

Whips [edit]

A whip manages their party's legislative computer programme on the House floor. The whip keeps track of altogether lawmaking and ensures that all political party members are present when meaningful measures are to be voted upon.

The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the absolute majority drawing card to organize ideas on, and collect support for, proposed lawmaking. They are reckoned A the third-higher-ranking member of his or her party behind the Speaker and the Majority Leader.

The Nonage Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to lawmaking and else matters. They are reckoned equally the second most strong appendage of his or her party, bottom the minority drawing card. Nonetheless, the US House does not consumption the term "minority whip," instead vocation the position "Democratic Whip" or "Democratic Strap" depending happening the nonage party.

The Chief Surrogate Strap is the primary assistant to the party whip, who is the chief suffrage tabulator for their party. The current chief lieutenant minority blister is Republican River Drew Ferguson. Inside the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy blister is the highest appointed position and often a launch pad for incoming positions in the House Leading. Cantor and Mary Therese McCarthy, for illustration, served as chief deputy Republican whips before ascendant to the legal age leader's C. W. Post. The House Democratic Conference has triune principal deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy sheriff Whip, which is the highest appointed stance inside the House Advocator Caucus. John Lewis held this post from 1991 until his death in 2020. Jan Schakowsky held the position of senior chief deputy majority welt along with Lewis since 2019, previously property a location American Samoa chief deputy sheriff whip since 2005. Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the form of address Deputy Whip.^[49]

Heel of Republican River Chief Deputy Whips

• 1981–1983: David F. Emery (Minority)
• 1983–1987: Tom Loeffler (Minority)
• 1987–1989: Edward Rell Madigan (Minority)
• 1989–1993: Steve Gunderson and Robert Smith Baby-walker (Minority)
• 1993–1995: Robert David Roland Smith Walker (Nonage)
• 1995–1999: Dennis Hastert (Majority)
• 1999–2003: Roy Deaden (Absolute majority)
• 2003–2009: Eric Hazan (Majority, 2003–2007; Minority, 2007–2009)
• 2009–2011: Kevin McCarthy (Minority)
• 2011–2014: St. Peter the Apostl Roskam (Majority)
• 2014–2019: Patrick McHenry (Majority)
• 2019–face: Drew Ferguson (Nonage)

List of Democratic Important Deputy Whips

• 1955–1962: Whole Boggs (Majority)
• 1962–1971: Tip O'Neill (Majority)
• 1971–1973: John Brademas, John J. McFall (Majority)
• 1973–1977: John Brademas (Legal age)
• 1977–1981: Dan Rostenkowski (Legal age)
• 1981–1987: Peak Smyrnium olusatru (Legal age)
• 1987–1991: David Bonior (Bulk)
• 1991–1993: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Harry Sinclair Lewis (Absolute majority)
• 1993–1995: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Majority)
• 1995–1997: Rosa DeLauro, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Minority)
• 1997–1999: Rosa DeLauro, Chet Jonathan Edwards, John Lewis, Bob Menendez (Minority)
• 1999–2002: Chet Jonathan Edwards, John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2002–2003: King John Lewis, Ed Minister, Soap Sandlin, Maxine Waters (Nonage)
• 2003–2005: John the Divin Lewis (Senior Chief Lieutenant Whip), Joe Crowley, Baron Alfred Hawthorne, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, January Schakowsky, Maxine Amnionic fluid (Minority)
• 2005–2007: John Lewis (Fourth-year Chief Lieutenant Whip), Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Bokkos Kind, Ed Minister, Jan Schakowsky, John Sixpence, Maxine Waters (Nonage)
• 2007–2011: Whoremonger Lewis (Last Chief Deputy Whip), G. K. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Princess of Wales DeGette, Male erecticle dysfunction Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, John Sixpence, Maxine Waters (Absolute majority)
• 2011–2013: Saint John the Apostle Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whisk), G. K. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Jim Matheson, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Maxine Waters, Simon Peter Welch (Nonage)
• 2013–2015: John Sinclair Lewis (Senior Important Deputy Pip), G. K. Butterfield, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Ben Ray Lujan, Jim Matheson, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, St. Peter the Apostl Welch (Nonage)
• 2015–2019: John Lewis (Elder Chief Deputy Slash), G. K. Butterfield, Joaquin Castro, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Kyrsten Sinema, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2019–present: Cedric Richmond (until January 15, 2021) (Assistant to the Majority Whip), John Lewis (until July 17, 2020), Jan Schakowsky (Ranking Chief Deputy Whips), Pete Aguilar, G. K. Butterfield, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee Yuen Kam, Dan Kildee, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Saint Peter Welch (Absolute majority)

Assistant party leadership [edit]

The view of Assistant Classless Leader was established by Nancy Pelosi on January 3, 2011 and occupied by Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip 'tween past-Majority Loss leader Steny Hoyer and then-Majority Whip Jim Clyburn. The title has undergone several name changes, with the title presently known as the titular "Assistant Speaker of the US House of Representatives"; it is said to replace the Assistant to the Leader post first established in 1999; and previously held by Chris Van Hollen. There is presently no Republican equivalent in the U.S. House of Representatives of Representatives.

List of House Democratic Assistants to the Leader

• 1999–2003: Rosa DeLauro
• 2003–2007: John Spratt
• 2007–2009: Xavier Becerra
• 2009–2011: Chris Vanguard Hollen

List of House Assistant Democratic Leaders

• 2011–2019: Jim Clyburn

List of Assistant Speakers of the Household of Representatives

• 2019–2021: Ben Ray Luján
• 2021–instant: Katherine Kenneth Clark

List of party leaders and whips [edit]

The Speaker system and President are included for historical and comparative reference.

Cong ress	Years	Democratic mop up	Democratic leader	Speaker	Republican leader	Republican whip		U.S. President
56th	1899–1901	Oscar Underwood[b] (Alabama)	James D. Richardson (Tennessee)	— GOP Speaker – St. David B. Henderson (Iowa)	— Majority — Sereno E. Payne (Greater New York)	— Legal age — James Albertus Tawney (Minnesota)		William William McKinley (Republican)
57th	1901–1903	James Tilghman Harold Lloyd (Missouri)						Theodore Roosevelt (Republican River)
58th	1903–1905		John Sharp Williams (Mississippi River)	— GOP Speaker – Joe Carom (Prairie State)
59th	1905–1907					— Majority — James E. Watson (Indiana)
60th	1907–1908
	1908–1909
61st	1909–1911	No	Champ Clark (Show Me State)			— Majority — Privy W. Dwight (New York)		William Howard Taft (Republican)
62nd	1911–1913	None	— Legal age — Oscar Underwood (Alabama)	— Dem Speaker – Champ Clark (Missouri)	James Mann (Illinois)	John W. Dwight (Inexperienced York)
63rd	1913–1915	— Legal age — Norman Thomas M. Vanessa Bell (Georgia)				Charles H. Burke (South Dakota)		Woodrow Wilson (Democratic)
64th	1915–1917	None	— Legal age — Claude Kitchin (North Carolina)			Charles M. Hamilton (New York)
65th	1917–1919
66th	1919–1921	None	Champ Joe Clark (Missouri)	— GOP Speaker – Frederick H. Gillett (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Frank W. Mondell (Wyoming)	— Majority — Harold Knutson (Minnesota)
67th	1921–1923	William A. Oldfield (Arkansas)	Claude Kitchin (Tar Heel State)					Warren G. Harding (Republican River)
68th	1923–1925		Last J. Garrett (Tennessee River)		— Majority — Nicholas Longworth (Ohio)	— Majority — Albert H. Virtuous (Indiana)		Calvin Coolidge (Republican)
69th	1925–1927			— GOP Speaker – Nicholas Longworth (OH)	— Majority — Whoremonger Q. Tilson (Connecticut)
70th	1927–1929
71st	1929–1931	John McDuffie (Alabama River)	John Nance Garner (Texas)					Herbert Hoover (Democratic)
72nd	1931–1933	— Majority — John McDuffie (Alabama River)	— Legal age — Henry T. Rainey (Illinois)	— Dem Speaker system – John Nance Garner (Texas)	Bertrand Snell (Greater New York)	Carl G. Bachmann (West Virginia)
73rd	1933–1935	— Majority — Arthur H. Greenwood (Hoosier State)	— Majority — Jo Byrns (Tennessee)	— Dem Speaker – Henry T. Rainey (Illinois)		Harry L. Englebright (California)		Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic)
74th	1935–1936	— Majority — Saint Patrick J. Boland (Pennsylvania)	— Majority — William Bankhead (Alabama)	— Dem Speaker – Jo Byrns (Tennessee)
	1936–1937		— Majority — Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— Dem Speaker – William B. Tallulah Bankhead (Alabama)
75th	1937–1939
76th	1939–1940				Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)
	1940–1941		— Majority — John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – SAM Rayburn (Texas)
77th	1941–1942
	1942–1943	— Majority — Robert Ramspeck (GA)
78th	1943–1943
	1943–1945					Leslie Arends (Illinois)
79th	1945–1945							Chivvy S. Truman (Democratic)
	1946–1947	— Majority — John Sparkman (Alabama)
80th	1947–1949	John Lackland W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	SAM Rayburn (Texas)	— GOP Speaker – Joseph W. Martin Junior. (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Charlemagne Halleck (Hoosier State)	— Majority — Leslie Arends (IL)
81st	1949–1951	— Majority — Percy Priest (Tennessee)	— Majority — John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Loudspeaker system – Sam Rayburn (Texas)	Chief Joseph W. Dean Martin Jn. (Massachusetts)	Leslie Arends (Illinois)
82nd	1951–1953
83rd	1953–1955	John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	SAM Rayburn (Lone-Star State)	— GOP Speaker – Joseph W. Martin Junior. (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Charles A. Halleck (Indiana)	— Absolute majority — Leslie C. Arends (Illinois)		Dwight D. Eisenhower (Political party)
84th	1955–1957	— Absolute majority — Carl Albert (Oklahoma)	— Legal age — John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Utterer – Sam Rayburn (Texas)	Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	Leslie C. Arends (Illinois)
85th	1957–1959
86th	1959–1961				Charles Halleck (Hoosier State)
87th	1961–1962							John F. Kennedy (Popular)
	1962–1963	— Majority — Hale Boggs (Louisiana)	— Majority — Carl Albert (Oklahoma)	— Dem Speaker – John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)
88th	1963–1965							Lyndon B. Johnson (Participatory)
89th	1965–1967				Gerald Ford (Great Lakes State)
90th	1967–1969
91st	1969–1971							Richard President Nixo (Republican)
92nd	1971–1973	— Majority — Tip O'Neill (Bay State)	— Majority — Hale Boggs (Louisiana)	— Dem Speaker – Carl Prince Albert (Oklahoma)
93rd	1973–1973	— Majority — John J. McFall (California)	— Majority — Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)
	1973–1975				John Rhodes (Arizona)
94th	1975–1977					Bob Michel (Illinois)		Gerald Ford (Republican)
95th	1977–1979	— Majority — John Brademas (Indiana)	— Majority — Jim Wright (Texas)	— Dem Loudspeaker system – Tip Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (Massachusetts)				President Carte (Democratic)
96th	1979–1981
97th	1981–1983	— Majority — Tom turkey Foley (Washington)			Bob Michel (Illinois)	Trent Lott (Mississippi)		Ronald Reagan (Republican)
98th	1983–1985
99th	1985–1987
100th	1987–1989	— Majority — Tony Coelho (California)	— Majority — Tom Foley (Washington)	— Dem Loudspeaker system – Jim Wright (Texas)
101st	1989–1989					Dick Cheney (Wyoming)		George H.W. President Bush (Republican)
	1989–1991	— Absolute majority — William H. Gray III (Pennsylvania)	— Bulk — Gumshoe Gephardt (Missouri)	— Dem Verbaliser – Tom Foley (Washington)		Triton Gingrich (Georgia)
102nd	1991–1991
	1991–1993	— Majority — David Bonior (Michigan)
103rd	1993–1995							Bill Clinton (Democratic)
104th	1995–1997	Saint David Bonior (Michigan)	Dick Gephardt (Missouri)	— GOP Speaker – Newt Gingrich (Georgia)	— Majority — Dick Armey (Lone-Star State)	— Bulk — Tom Retard (Texas)
105th	1997–1999
106th	1999–2001			— GOP Talker – Dennis Hastert (Illinois)
107th	2001–2002							George W. Bush (Political party)
	2002–2003	Nancy Pelosi (California)
108th	2003–2005	Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	Nancy Pelosi (California)		— Legal age — Tom DeLay (Texas)	— Majority — Roy Candid (Missouri)
109th	2005–2005
	2005–2006				— Majority — Roy Blunt (Missouri, Temporary)
	2006–2007				— Majority — John Boehner (Ohio River)
110th	2007–2009	— Absolute majority — Jim Clyburn (South Carolina)	— Majority — Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	— Dem Speaker – Nancy Pelosi (CA)	John Boehner (Ohio)	Roy Blunt (Missouri)
111th	2009–2011					Eric Cantor (Virginia)	Barack Obama (Democratic)
112th	2011–2013	Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	Nancy Pelosi (California)	— GOP Loudspeaker system – King John Boehner (Ohio)	— Majority — Eric Cantor (Virginia)	— Majority — Kevin McCarthy (California)
113th	2013–2014
	2014–2015				— Absolute majority — Kevin McCarthy (Calif.)	— Majority — Steve Scalise (Louisiana)
114th	2015–2015
	2015–2017			— GOP Speaker – Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)
115th	2017–2019						Donald Outdo (Republican)
116th	2019–2021	— Absolute majority — Jim Clyburn (SC)	— Majority — Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	— Dem Verbalizer – Nancy Pelosi (California)	Kevin McCarthy (California)	Steve Scalise (Louisiana)
117th	2021–present						Joe Biden (Democratic)
Cong ress	Years	Antiauthoritarian strap	Democratic leader	Speaker	Republican leader	Republican whip	U.S. United States President

See also [cut]

• Company leaders of the United States US Senate
• Divided government in the United States

Notes [edit out]

1. ^ These strategic options have been adapted to a degree and hail from Jones, The Minority Company in Congress, p. 20.
2. ^ Sources differ on the dates that Underbrush served as Whip:
   • One indicates that atomic number 2 served from 1899 to 1901. See "Democratic Whips". Office of the Clerk, U.S. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original connected October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
   • Another indicates that atomic number 2 served only during 1901. See Heitshusen, Valerie (February 27, 2007). "Party Leaders in Congress, 1789-2007: Vital Statistics" (PDF). Law-makers Research Service: CRS–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010. Retrieved Apr 21, 2010.
   • According to a modern newspaper clause, "Representative Underwood has been voluntarily filling that lay [Democratic whip] since Congress convened" (December 4, 1899). Consider "Request a Democratic Caucus". The New York Multiplication. January 9, 1900. p. 8.

References [edit]

•  This article incorporates public land material from the Congressional Search Service document: Mark J. Oleszek. "The Role of the House Minority Loss leader: An Overview" (PDF).

1. ^ ^{a b} "N.Y. Dem might vote for Boehner". Politico. Nov 23, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
2. ^ "Majority leader, vus ist?". JTA. January 5, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
3. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (April 24, 2017). Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities (PDF) (Report). Legislative Research Divine service. pp. 2–3. RS20881. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
4. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (June 7, 2001). "A Brief History of Legislature Leading". The Green Papers (somebody-published website & blog) . Retrieved January 5, 2006.
5. ^ "Majority Leaders of the House (1899 to present)". U.S. Theatre History, Nontextual matter & Archives. U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
6. ^ "Best &A; Bottom of Congress - News & Features". washingtonian.com. Sept 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
7. ^ "Pelosi wants to remain leader". Miami Herald. ^{[ inelastic link ]}
8. ^ Memoli, Michael A. (November 17, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi is House minority leader". Los Angeles Times.
9. ^ "Eric Cantor will leave House leadership post after disorienting red". CNN. June 11, 2014.
10. ^ Zeleny, Jeff; James Parkinson, John (June 11, 2014). "Eric Precentor Abdication as House Majority Leader". ABC News.
11. ^ Kim, Clare (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor loses Republican Party primary to tea company challenger Dave Brat". MSNBC. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
12. ^ "Cantor's Loss: A Stunning Turnover". The Atlantic. Politico.com. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
13. ^ Ostermeier, Eric (June 10, 2014). "Eric Precentor 1st House Majority Leader to Recede Renomination Bid in History". Smart Politics. Archived from the original on June 12, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
14. ^ Costa, Robert (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor Succumbs to Afternoon tea Party Competition Tuesday". The Washington Post.
15. ^ "Eric Cantor Tells VA Newsprint He'll Resign in August". NBC Tidings. August 1, 2014.
16. ^ Quoted in Riddick, Floyd M. (1941). Congressional Procedure. Boston: Chapman and Grimes. p. 346.
17. ^ See Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Put over-Holding in the U.S. government U.S. House". Capitol Studies (4): 17.
18. ^ Young, James Sterling (1966). The Washington Community, 1800-1828. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. 135–136.
19. ^ Brigham Young, James Superlative (1966). The Washington Community of interests, 1800-1828. New York: Harcourt Steady. p. 137.
20. ^ Nelson, Garrison (Fall away 1976). "Leaders Put over-Holding in the US House of Representatives". Capitol Studies (4): 18.
21. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Party Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Establishment. pp. 28n.
22. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Company Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. p. 28.
23. ^ 1883General assembly Phonograph record, Vol. 29, Paginate 4-5 (December 3, 1883)
24. ^ McNeil, Neil (1963). Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives. New York: David McKay Conscientious objector. p. 70.
25. ^ Herbert Bruce R. Buckminster Fuller, The Speakers of the House (Beantown: Lesser, Brown, and Co., 1909), p. 208.
26. ^ DeAlva Stanwood Alexander, History and Procedure of the House of Representatives (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 131.
27. ^ ^{a b} Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leading Position-Holding in the United States House of Representatives". Capitol Studies (4): 19.
28. ^ Randall Strahan, "Lowell Jackson Thomas Brackett John Reed and the Rise of Party Politics," in Roger Davidson, et al., eds., Masters of the House (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998), p. 36.
29. ^ Come across Polsby, Nelson (September 1968). "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives of Representatives". Earth Policy-making Skill Survey. pp. 144–168.
30. ^ "Minority Leaders of the House (1899 to present) | US Hous: History, Prowess &ere; Archives". history.house.gov . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
31. ^ Sources: Fighting for the Speakership: The Mansion and the Ascending of Party Government, by Jeffery A. Jenkins and Charles Haines Jimmy Stewart and Archive of OurCampaigns.com
32. ^ Prince Charles O. Daniel Jones, The Nonage Party in Congress (Boston: Little, Brownish and Co., 1970), p. 31.
33. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Party Leadership in the Put up of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. pp. 98–99.
34. ^ Sinclair Lewis Deschler, Deschler's Precedents of the US Government House of Representatives, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), pp. 211-212.
35. ^ Guy Gugliotta, "For Minority Drawing card, A Matter of Consensus; Inquiry Vote Tests Gephardt's Skills," The Washington Post, October 8, 1998, pp. A18.
36. ^ Barnes, James A.; Stone, Peter H. (February 26, 2000). "A Rich Crop on the Hill". National Journal. p. 640.
37. ^ Babson, Jennifer (July 15, 1995). "Democrats Refine the Tactic of Nonage Party Power". Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. Congressional Period of time. p. 2037.
38. ^ Wallison, Ethan (Crataegus laevigata 17, 1999). "Gephardt Plans Postulation Strategy". Roll Shout. p. 1.
39. ^ Arieff, Irwin (February 28, 1981). "Inside Congress". Legislature Quarterly Period of time Cover. Legislative Quarterly. p. 379.
40. ^ 1989Legislature Record, Vol. 135, Thomas Nelson Page E3000 (Sept 12, 1989)
41. ^ William F. Connelly, Jr. and John J. Pitney, Jr., Copulation' Everlasting Nonage? Republicans in the U.S. House (Lanham, Maryland: Littlefield Adams, 1994), p. 15.
42. ^ Dorothy Collin, "Michel Plays to Peoria -- and U.S.," Newmarket Tribune, August 16, 1982, p. 2.
43. ^ Ensure Jim Vande Hei, "White Put up Sidesteps Gephardt's Leadership," Roll Call, July 7, 1997, p. 1.
44. ^ James M. Shank, "Minority Leaders of the United States U.S. House of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the House, p. 275.
45. ^ James M. Cannon, "Nonage Leaders of the US Hous, 1965-1973," in Masters of the Theater, p. 271.
46. ^ Burdette Loomis, "The Consummate Minority Leader: Everette M. Dirksen," in Richard Baker and Roger Davidson, eds., Commencement Among Equals (Washington, D.C.: CQ Exhort, 1991), p. 250.
47. ^ Eliza Newlin Carney, "Don't Weigh Us Out," National Journal, April 29, 1995, p. 1024.
48. ^ Davidson, et alibi., Masters of the House, pp.323.
49. ^ Sinclair, Barbara (June 26, 1998). Legislators, Leadership, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era. JHU Press. ISBN9780801857126 . Retrieved May 20, 2020 – via Google Books.

External links [edit]

• Office of the Majority Leader (Democratic Leader)
• Situatio of the Majority Worst (Democratic Whip)

selects the party's leaders in each house of congress

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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